Big deals and offers on Vodafone’s award-winning network

Saving claims verification: See details on the relevant product page.

VAT: All pricing inclusive unless stated otherwise. For prices stated exclusive of VAT, the VAT rate payable is 20%.

Gift with Purchase: See details on product page including any additional terms.

*Annual Price Increase: Each year, on 1 April, your monthly plan charge will increase as follows:

• £2.50 for Pay monthly Airtime and Data plans

• £1.50 for Pay monthly Basics plans

• £3.50 for Home Broadband and GigaCube plans

Out of bundle charges will increase each April by Consumer Price Index rate published in January of that year + 3.9%.

** 2.2 Gbps average download speed via a wired connection.

*Best overall broadband provider: As recommended by Telegraph in January 2025. For more information, see the Telegraph substantiation

Pay Monthly

Minimum term agreement, eligibility, credit check and terms apply.

Vodafone EVO

Representative example for Device Plans:

Figures used in the above (other than the representative APR) are for illustrative purposes only.

Device Plan: means devices purchased from Vodafone under a Consumer Credit Agreement such as phones (Phone Plan), smartwatches (Watch Plan), tablets (Tablet Plan) and laptops (Laptop Plan).

Vodafone EVO:

• For Mobile: lets you select a monthly Device Plan credit Agreement (24 to 36 months) with a 24 month Airtime Plan. You can pay off your Device Plan early, and if you do, you can then keep your Airtime Plan on a 30-day contract or leave. If your Airtime Plan ends for any reason, you will need to keep on paying your monthly Device Plan (either in full or monthly)

• For Smartwatches: lets you select a monthly Device Plan Credit Agreement (over 24 to 36 months) with a monthly Connectivity Plan. Watch Plans over 12 months require a 24 month Connectivity Plan. You can pay off your Device Plan early, and if you do, you can keep your Connectivity Plan on a 30-day contract or leave. If your Connectivity Plan ends, the Device Plan is still payable (either in full or monthly). Watch Plans require a Vodafone pay monthly airtime plan and a Connectivity Plan (via Vodafone OneNumber)

• For Laptops / Tablets: lets you select a monthly Device Plan Credit Agreement (24 to 48 months) with a 24 month Data Plan. You can pay off your Device Plan early, and if you do, you can then keep your Data Plan on a 30-day contract or leave. If your Data Plan ends for any reason, you will need to keep on paying your monthly Device Plan (either in full or monthly)

Upgrade from month 3: means a) buying a new Device Plan (which is a credit agreement) and an Airtime/Data/Connectivity Plan (as applicable) and b) either (i) paying off the remaining amount on your current Device Plan prior to upgrading, or (ii) paying for your current Device Plan along with your new Device Plan. Subject to credit check, eligibility and terms.

Trade-in Guarantee: Available when you trade-in an eligible device using our Trade-in Tool, and purchase a new Vodafone Pay Monthly Airtime Plan. Your Trade-in value is guaranteed for 7 days from the date of your Trade-in Quote. Device must be returned within 14 days of the start of your new Airtime Plan and meet our requirements. You can choose to receive your Trade-in value via a monthly airtime saving, a credit to your Vodafone account, or, if you are an existing customer, as a credit towards your existing Phone Plan balance. Please see our Trade-in Guarantee terms and conditions for more details, including the eligibility criteria.

Trade-in Bonus: Available when we're running a Trade-in Bonus promotion, where you could get an additional bonus on top of the trade-in value for the phone you're trading in, when you buy a new phone. Eligibility for the bonus and the bonus value may vary depending on which phone you're trading in and which new phone you're buying. Please see our Trade-in Bonus terms and conditions, for more information.

Unlimited data: available on Unlimited plan (max download and upload speeds of 10Mbps), Unlimited Plus plan (max download and upload speeds of 100Mbps) and Unlimited Max plan. Speed may vary by a number of factors.

5G: You must have a 5G enabled device on the Vodafone 5G network, a Vodafone 5G plan and 5G coverage in the area that you are in. Coverage may be affected by a number of factors. Find out more about our 5G network

5G Ultra: To access 5G Ultra, you need a 5G Ultra-enabled device and an eligible Vodafone Pay Monthly plan that includes 5G Ultra. Coverage may be affected by a number of factors. Find out more about our 5G Ultra network

Vodafone Xchange: Available on eligible new phones and all pristine refurbished phones, then trade in (good condition) from 12 months prior to end of Phone Plan and upgrade to new phone and Airtime Plan (standard upfront and monthly cost apply). Every year: based on 24-month Phone Plan. Terms and verification apply

Roaming

Roaming: using your home data plan to roam in Zone A is included in all of our Pay Monthly plans. For roaming in other destinations, charges will apply depending on which plan you are on.

Roaming Passes: For Pay Monthly customers without European roaming included in their plan, you can purchase an 8 or 15 day European roaming pass to use your monthly UK allowance of calls, texts and data in our Zone B destinations. The 8 day pass is £15 and the 15 day pass is £20. Out of bundle charges such as picture messages, premium calls or premium texts are not covered by this charge. These passes are subject to a 25GB roam fair use policy. Passes become active when you start roaming and only one pass can be used at a time. For more information and terms, visit our roaming page

• Information on roaming with Vodafone

• List of our inclusive roaming destinations

Mobile Specific Small Print

• Lifetime Service Promise: means a) Lifetime warranty covering manufacturer's defects, provided you have an active pay monthly Airtime plan + b) Battery refresh replacing your phone's battery (for 2-3 years) if it fails one of the Battery refresh tool tests. On phones purchased directly from Vodafone.

• Lifetime Warranty: is an extended warranty covering manufacturer's defects (on phones purchased via Vodafone directly), provided you have an active pay monthly Airtime plan. Excludes damaged and tampered phones. Lifetime Warranty terms apply

• Battery Refresh: replaces your phone's battery if it fails one of the Battery Refresh Tool tests. Available for up to three years depending on your plan. On phones purchased via Vodafone directly. Excludes damaged and tampered phones. Battery Refresh terms apply

• UK's Only Lifetime Service Promise: Vodafone is the only network that offers both i) Lifetime Warranty which covers your phone for manufacturer defects provided you have an active pay monthly Airtime plan, and ii) Battery Refresh which offers phone battery health checks and required replacements for up to 3 years. Terms apply

Smartwatch Specific Small Print

Smartwatch: requires a) Vodafone pay monthly Airtime plan, and b) 12 or 24 month Connectivity Plan (via Vodafone OneNumber). Watch Plans over 12 months require a 24 month Connectivity Plan. Terms apply

Vodafone OneNumber Connectivity Plan ('Connectivity Plan'): uses your minutes, texts and data allowance from your Airtime Plan using Vodafone OneNumber. You must have an Airtime Plan with us in order to purchase a Connectivity Plan. Smartwatch Connectivity plans can be bought for a smartwatch you already own, or for a new smartwatch you purchase through us. Tablet Connectivity plans can only be bought for a tablet you already own.

Two-Year Warranty (formerly called Total Care Warranty) is a 24-month warranty that starts from the date your device (purchased from Vodafone), is dispatched. This covers manufacturer's defects in the materials and workmanship of the device through normal use. Excludes damaged and tampered devices. Not applicable with Laptops. Two-Year Warranty terms apply

Tablet Specific Small Print

Two-Year Warranty (formerly called Total Care Warranty) is a 24-month warranty that starts from the date your device (purchased from Vodafone), is dispatched. This covers manufacturer's defects in the materials and workmanship of the device through normal use. Excludes damaged and tampered devices. Not applicable with Laptops. Two-Year Warranty terms apply

Pay as you go

Unlimited Bundle: An Unlimited Pay as you go Bundle lasts for 30 days. Your bundle will automatically renew every 30 days if you have enough credit. To opt out call 2345. Includes unlimited data and unlimited minutes and texts: minutes to standard mobiles and landlines (UK: 01, 02, 03) and standard texts (excluding MMS) to use in the UK and Zone A. You must buy a Big Value Bundle, otherwise your SIM won’t be able to make or receive calls, send or receive texts, use data, or use our network.

Unlimited Bundle terms, exclusions and destinations

Pay as you go Bundles (Big Value Bundle) excluding Unlimited Bundle: Unlimited minutes to standard mobiles and landlines (UK: 01, 02, 03), standard texts and a set allowance of data (excluding Extras) to use in the UK and Zone A. Last 30 days. Automatically renews every 30 days if you have enough credit. Opt out by calling 2345. Pay as you go Bundles are also known as Big Value Bundles. You must buy a Big Value Bundle, otherwise your SIM won’t be able to make or receive calls, send or receive texts, use data, or use our network. For more information, please visit our Pay as you go Bundles terms and conditions page

Total Rollover: Any unused allowance from your current Pay as you go Bundle will only rollover from one bundle to the next, for use in the next 30-day period, if your Pay as you go Bundle renews automatically.

Pay as you go 1: You'll pay just £2 each day you use your phone, which gives you: Unlimited minutes, Unlimited texts, 50MB of data to use until midnight. To activate your SIM, you’ll need to add a minimum of £5 credit or buy a Big Value Bundle. If you don’t, your SIM won’t be able to make or receive calls, send or receive texts, use data, or use our network. For more information, please visit our Pay as you go 1 terms and conditions page

Roaming: Your data usage is for use in the UK and Zone A destinations only, unless you purchase one of our roaming extras. For more info and destinations beyond Zone A, visit our extras page. For terms visit our terms and conditions pages

Pay as you go Plus

Pay as you go Plus plan: My Vodafone app required. UK and Zone A use only unless Roaming Extra purchased. Minutes to standard mobiles and landlines (UK: 01, 02, 03), standard texts and plan data allowance (excluding Extras). Auto-Renews every 30 days if opted in via My Vodafone app and payment card added. Purchase Extras and manage payments through My Vodafone app. Plan stops after 30 days if paused or cancelled (by opting out of Auto-Renew). If opted out and you do not choose another plan, you can only receive inbound calls and texts once your 30-day plan ends. You must opt back in and re-purchase a new plan to use data, minutes, send texts or buy Extras. To use our network, you’ll need to buy a £10 plan at a minimum. If you don't, your SIM won’t be able to make or receive calls, send or receive texts, use data, or use our network.

For terms and more information see the Pay as you go Plus terms and conditions

Roaming: Your data usage is for the UK and Zone A destinations only, unless you purchase one of our roaming extras in the My Vodafone app. Your extra will run until the day it expires (at 11:59pm UK time) or when it is used up, whichever is sooner. For more information on roaming destinations, see our roaming page or the My Vodafone app. For Extras terms, see the terms and conditions page

Home Broadband

Home Broadband: For details and terms see our Home Broadband page

Full Fibre: Vodafone is the largest Full Fibre provider in the UK with Full Fibre available to 15.1 million out of 31.9 million premises - approximately 47% UK coverage (31.9 million premises from: Ofcom, Connected Nations 2023: UK report and Methodology annex)

One click or call: to trigger the switch process, see our Switch Broadband page. Credit of up to £200 to cover leaving fees, terms apply.

Switcher offer:  Switch broadband and get up to £200 credit when you pay an early termination fee. New customers on eligible plans, purchased directly from Vodafone only. Credit, acceptance, and availability checks. Terms and conditions apply

Insurance

These terms are available in our insurance terms and conditions pages. If you're a sole trader go to business terms and conditions then Insurance then Insurance - Current

Very Me

VeryMe Rewards: See My Vodafone app for end dates and full terms and conditions. Pay as you go customers must have topped up at least £10 credit on their account in the last 6 weeks to participate. Pay as you go Plus customers must have Auto-Renew switched on to participate in certain prizes and competitions.

1. VeryMe won A Silver in the Brand Partnership Activation of the Year category and a Gold in the Loyalty Activation of the Year category at the 2020 IPM Awards. See verification on the IPM website

2. VeryMe helped Vodafone win Best Network for Loyalty and Retention at the Mobile Industry Awards 2020. See verification on the Techrader website

3. Vodafone VeryMe, TMW Unlimited and Mando-Connect won Best Use of CRM at the Loyalty Magazine Awards 2020. See verification on the IPM website

Network

Reliable, award-winning network: The UK relies on Vodafone as a network provider as it:

• i) powers critical national infrastructure and 82% of Emergency Services (see our Public Sector Portal for further information),

• ii) has coverage in 99% of UK homes,

• iii) covers 96% of the UK's landmass; and

• iv) has won numerous awards

See full details and awards on our Network page

Nation's Network: Vodafone - nation's most valuable brand, verified by Kantar BrandZ Most Valuable UK Brands Report 2024, and supporting the nation since 1984 through to 2025's major summer events and beyond. See full verification of the substantiation

Two networks are better than one: Two networks are better for Vodafone/Three customers: with more available coverage and capacity.

Vodafone and Three customers can now automatically use each other's network for more coverage, at no extra cost: Access is automatic where more masts are available see the network page

Just Ask Once

Available via the My Vodafone app. Messaging service only, some exclusions apply. See more details about Just Ask Once

For full terms and conditions, visit our terms and conditions page

Finance subject to status and credit checks. 18 +. Direct debit required. Credit provided by Vodafone Limited, FCA reference Number: 712210, Vodafone House, The Connection, Newbury, Berkshire, RG14 2FN

Broadband - General

Annual Price Increase: Each year, on 1 April, the monthly plan increases by £3.50. Out of bundle charges will increase each April by Consumer Price Index rate published in January that year +3.9%. On a 24-month contract. Subject to credit check, acceptance and availability. Installation fee may apply. Please note – your monthly price will increase after 24 months, when your in-contract discount expires. See our price guide for more details.

Reliable full fibre broadband for less: Vodafone full fibre for less is cheaper on average vs major providers, as of 15 November 2024. See verification

*2.2 Gbps speed is achieved by a wired connection.

24-month minimum term contract. Subject to credit check, acceptance and availability. Installation fee may apply.  Please note - your monthly price will increase after 24 months, when your in-contract discount expires, see our price guide for more details.

Line rental: Line rental is not required with our Broadband and Home Phone services.

Vodafone Essentials Broadband Offer: Vodafone Fibre 2 Essentials plan. 12-month contract. Subject to credit check, eligibility checks, acceptance and availability. Full terms apply, see Vodafone Essentials Broadband Offer terms

Payment: Payment is by Direct Debit. Please note that VAT is included in the advertised prices and charges where required and is applied at the UK standard rate in force unless otherwise stated.

Vodafone Together: Effective from 30 October 2025. Monthly discounts are available on new Unlimited & 80GB additional plans purchased directly from Vodafone. Discount amounts vary by plan type. Not available with other offers. Annual price increases are not discounted. Terms apply

Switcher offer: Switch broadband and get up to £200 credit when you pay an early termination fee. New customers on eligible plans, purchased directly from Vodafone only. Credit, acceptance, and availability checks. Terms and conditions apply

Privacy policy: Please see our privacy policy for information on how we collect, use, share and protect your personal information.

Vodafone Wi-Fi Hub: We’ll provide a Vodafone Wi-Fi Hub to any new customers who take out a Vodafone Broadband and Home Phone bundle as part of your service (subject to successful Vodafone Broadband and Home Phone services availability and credit checks).

Vodafone Broadband app: Compatible Android/iOS device is required for full functionality.

Downloading third party content: A copyright owner's permission may be required for downloading protected content. Downloading protected content without the copyright owner's consent may constitute a criminal offence. Please see the Vodafone Broadband Acceptable Use Policy for more details.

Parental controls: Parental controls are currently available to all Vodafone Broadband and Home Phone customers. Parental Controls will be automatically set to off as default.

McAfee Total Protection: Offer subject to availability and McAfee’s terms and conditions. McAfee’s protection for up to 10 devices. Offer of 12 months subscription which will be automatically renewed 30-days before its expiration date, at the renewal term subscription price in effect at the time of renewal billed to the payment card we have on file. Pricing is subject to change. See mcafee.com/en-us/consumer-support/policy/legal.html#webtos for more details.

Vodafone Pro Broadband

Vodafone Broadband Backup: Your broadband back-up dongle is intended to give you a connection to our 4G network, when there is a total loss of service on your fixed line broadband. You will receive 100GB of data with your 4G dongle. If you run out of data, please contact our WiFi Xperts, who may add extra data as needed at no additional cost. In order to use the 4G dongle as intended, you should ensure it is plugged into your Vodafone Pro Broadband router. The 4G dongle is not a direct replacement for your fixed line broadband. As the 4G dongle connects to our mobile network, the service, speed and consistency of your connection may vary due to a number of factors, including location, coverage and demand. You must only use your dongle when you have a fault with your fixed line broadband and you must not roam with your dongle. Your use of the dongle is subject to our Vodafone Fibre Broadband/ Vodafone Fibre to the Home Broadband (as applicable) terms and conditions and the applicable terms and conditions relating to our mobile broadband products, each of which can be found at: Broadband terms and conditions

Vodafone Super WiFi: One WiFi Booster is supplied as standard with your Vodafone router. Up to three WiFi Boosters can be provided at no additional cost if you do not receive WiFi signal and throughput speeds of at least 10 Mbps in each room of your home. Right to leave with no early termination fee if you do not get WiFi signal and throughput speeds of at least 10 Mbps in each room of your home, after installing all three WiFi Boosters and contacting us to try to resolve. To exercise right to leave, you must notify us within 30 days of receipt of your third WiFi Booster. Full terms: Broadband terms and conditions

Vodafone Broadband Xperts: Our Broadband Xperts, Vodafone’s dedicated home broadband service team, are available over the phone 8am to 8pm Monday to Sunday (and public holidays) to assist with any technical problems you have with your broadband. The Broadband Xperts will try to resolve any technical issues you have with your broadband but they may not be able to do so in all cases. Our Broadband Xperts will not visit you at your home and will only try to resolve issues remotely, but they can arrange for an engineer to visit your home if needed. Please call 0333 304 0191 to request technical assistance from the Broadband Xperts. For any other queries, please contact us by phone 0808 040 8408 or contact us online

WiFi 7: To benefit from WiFi 7 you must have WiFi 7 capable device.

Secure Net Home: Secure Net Home is available at no additional cost to new and existing Pro Broadband customers only. Secure Net Home must be activated through the Vodafone Broadband app (for Android 7 or iOS 14 or later). You can deactivate Secure Net Home in the Secure Net app (for Android 9 and iOS 14 or later) or via the Secure Net portal. For full terms and conditions, visit: Secure Net Home Terms and Conditions and Secure Net Home Privacy Policy

Vodafone Xtra

Apple TV 4K on us: You will receive your Apple TV 4K device at the same time as receiving your Vodafone Wi-Fi Hub. One Apple TV 4K per customer. If you upgrade to a Vodafone Broadband Xtra plan after 25 August 2023 but you have previously received an Apple TV 4K device from us, you will not be eligible for an additional Apple TV 4K device if you recommit to a Vodafone Broadband Xtra plan in the future. Not all content is available in 4K. 4K resolution requires 4K-capable TV. Accessing Dolby Atmos features requires Dolby Atmos-capable devices. You will own the Apple 4K TV device 14 days after activation of your Xtra Home Broadband service.

Anytime Landline and Mobile calls: Applies to the first 60 minutes of UK landlines (numbers beginning 01, 02, 03) and UK mobile numbers (numbers beginning with 07) which you dial directly. Inclusive calls are to UK mobiles only (this does not include other numbers that begin with 07 such as WiFi services etc.). If you wish to avoid additional call charges you should re-dial before 60 minutes have passed. Standard call charges apply if you exceed the 60-minute call cap. See more details

If you bought a Broadband Xtra plan between 25 August 2023 and 25 July 2024:

Apple TV: 24 months subscription included with Vodafone Broadband Xtra plans. To benefit you must activate Apple TV within 3 months of your broadband activation date.

This offer ended on 25 July 2024.

If you bought a Broadband Xtra plan on or after 26 July 2024:

Apple TV: 3 months subscription included with Vodafone Broadband Xtra plans. This benefit must be redeemed directly from Apple within 90 days of setting up your Apple TV 4k. Offer is subject to terms and eligibility. See details

Your Apple TV subscription is not for resale, has no cash value, and will not be replaced or exchanged if not redeemed. Valid only for Apple TV in the United Kingdom. Requires Apple ID with payment method on file. Apple TV renews for £8.99 a month after the promotion until cancelled. Payment will be billed to the payment method on file and can be cancelled anytime at least a day before each renewal date at Settings > Apple ID. Terms and Apple Privacy Policy apply.

See the applicable terms for your country at Apple’s Media Services Terms and Conditions page

Cannot be combined with other offers providing access to the same service. Must be 13+ and in the country that matches the store front on which you are redeeming the code. Compatible products and services required.

Apple TV is a registered trademark of Apple Inc. Apple is not a sponsor of this promotion.

Home Phone

Call costs and subscription features: Details of our call costs (including a complete list of all our premium rate and international call costs and charges) are set out in our Vodafone Broadband and Home Phone Price Plan. The costs of any features or feature bundles which include a monthly subscription charge are also included in this Price Plan. Please note that any features or feature bundles must be retained for a minimum of 30 days.

Evening and weekend calls: You may purchase extra call bundles allowing calls to certain numbers at particular times of the day. This is how we define these times:

• 'Daytime' is 7am to 7pm, Monday to Friday

• 'Evening' is 7pm to 7am, Monday to Friday

• 'Weekend' is all day Saturday and Sunday (midnight Friday to midnight Sunday). Please note that bank holidays are treated as normal weekends.

Anytime calls: Can be made during daytime, evening and weekend periods. Max call duration is 60 minutes - standard call charges will apply after 60 minutes.

Number Transfer: Our ability to transfer your number is subject to availability.

Promotions and Offers

Offers, promotions and discounts: Our offers and promotions are available to new Vodafone Broadband and Home Phone customers only.

Most Popular Broadband Provider: as awarded by Uswitch in Feb 2026. See more information about the awards.

Best Value for Money Broadband Provider: as awarded by Uswitch in Feb 2026. See more information about the awards.

Most Popular Broadband Provider: as awarded by Uswitch in March 2025. See more information about the awards

Full Fibre available in more homes than anyone else: As independently verified by thinkbroadband.com

Results based on availability of CityFibre, Openreach, OFNL, Virgin Media, and Community Fibre as of 5 November 2025:

Full Fibre is the UK’s most reliable broadband technology: Ofcom's Broadband Terminology Research, published March 2023

UK’s fastest WiFi technology: vs major providers offering comparable plans (WiFi router and boosters). Speeds may vary by various factors. Credit checks apply. See verification

*Annual price increase of £3.50 and out of bundle charges increase by CPI +3.9% each April.

WiFi Speeds may vary significantly by location and are dependent on equipment meeting minimum specifications, being fully functional and working at full speed. Wireless equipment range can vary according to the layout of your home. Other factors can also impact internet speeds, including; the number of people using the internet, level of use of the internet and other environmental and technological influences.

Up to 60x faster: than the average download speed of our standard broadband: Fibre 1 (35Mbps) vs. Pro 3 Full Fibre 2.2Gbps (2200Mbps).

Average speed claim: 73% of customers on Fibre 1 receive download speeds above 35 Mbps and 61% of customers on Fibre 2 receive download speeds above 63 Mbps. For all other plans, we estimate a majority of customers will receive the relevant download speeds specified above. We base our average speeds on sync speed (the speed of your line from the street cabinet or telephone exchange to your router). Speeds may vary significantly by location and are dependent on all equipment meeting minimum specifications, being fully functional and working at full speed. The range of wireless equipment can vary according to the layout of your home. Other factors can also impact internet speeds, such as distance of your home from the network exchange, the number of people using the internet, the level of use of the internet and other environmental and technological influences.

**900Mbps average download speeds when using a wired connection.

Average time to change broadband provider: According to Ofcom’s Communications Report 2019, it took on average 11 days for a consumer to switch broadband provider.

Vodafone's monthly price increases each 1 April by £3.50. Other broadband providers may apply an annual price increase each year. See availability terms and verification.

Reliable full fibre broadband for less: Full Fibre is the UK’s most reliable broadband technology: Ofcom's Broadband Terminology Research, published March 2023

Recommended Best Overall Broadband Provider by Telegraph Readers as of January 2025: See verification

Best Social Tariff: as awarded by Broadband Genie in June 2025. See more information about the awards

Best Value for Money: as awarded by Broadband Genie in June 2025. See more information about the awards

Buying a refurbished phone has a lower carbon footprint than buying a new one

Substantiation:

A life cycle assessment study (Pamminger, R., Glaser, S. and Wimmer, W., Modelling of different circular end-of-use scenarios for smartphones. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment (2021) 26:470-482) found that a refurbished phone (used for an average 1.93 years) can have a 55% lower contribution to climate change (or 'GWP') compared to a new phone (used for 2.5 years) (according to the study results shown on page 479).

Based on this study, buying and using a refurbished phone can be considered to be kinder to the planet in comparison to buying and using a new phone, because it has a lower negative impact on climate change.

See a consumer-friendly report of the study [PDF]

For the full study, see the Springer Link website

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